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C. an introvert. Suddenly Monique gets the idea to empty her shredder and use the shredded junk mail confetti for packing material. (f`quizlet/_5rbip A) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds fail B) Insured the bonds against failure and the insurer paid the claim if the underlying bonds make money C) To increase employees D) As an annual practice . It is sometimes referred to as the "I-knew-it-all-along effect." You were probably not that good at riding a bicycle or driving a car the first time you tried, but you were much better after doing those things for a year. C. an adult who was born with Down syndrome and lives in a group home because of cognitive deficits b. not important in measuring intelligence. Implicit procedural memory is often studied using observable behaviors (Adams, 1957; Lacey & Smith, 1954; Lazarus & McCleary, 1951). Concepts provide clues about how to react to a particular object or experience. d. validity. You may not be able to recall all of your classmates, but you recognize many of them based on their yearbook photos. A. are vague and/or ill defined b. D. Concepts complicate the memory process. We cannot absorb all of it, or even most of it. d. semantics. D. algorithmic, According to Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, ________ intelligence predominantly involves the ability to design, invent, originate, and imagine. A. indulge in fixations. b. A test can fail in validity and still: d. two, You're asked to come up with a new slogan for your school's Psychology Club. Material is far better encoded when you make it meaningful. b. is present in all animals and helps them learn symbols for language. c. 30. 130 Jessica has been searching for a new apartment. C. all scores are around the average score. a. communicate with one another; dream more vividly Which of the following are examples of algorithms? The encoding of words and their meaning is known as semantic encoding. b. four An algorithm is often expressed in the form of a graph, where a square represents each step. b.(12,562).b.(2,438). Malcom has an IQ of 140. c. Analytical intelligence According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following needs must be met first? During proactive interference, previously learned information interferes with the ability to learn new information. Remember the elevator? It probably required a lot of work and attention on your part in order to encode that information. Should you go to the bank, the cleaners, or the grocery store first? Instead, your best option would be to use a route that you know has worked well in the past. When you remember something, you usually have several routes to get the information you are trying to access, and the more links you have to a concept, the better your chances of remembering. According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to young children's. c. an availability heuristic B. culturally biased. (b) In contrast, artificial concepts are ones that we know by a specific set of characteristics that they always exhibit, such as what defines different basic shapes. Algorithmsare written in a programming language. Its formal written version is called a program, or code. It is very brief storageup to a couple of seconds. A. involves developing uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, as well as creating norms, or performance standards, for the test. c. what a person knows about a particular type of object does They may use established criteria to make judgments. Mental images A. simulation heuristic. D. It refers to reasoning from a general principle that individuals know to be true to a specific instance. What did you eat for lunch on April 10, 2009? In which subsystem of long-term memory is your knowledge of how to drive a car and how to ride a bike stored? 1999-2023, Rice University. d. mathematical. c. the mind and behavior. C. 50 c. consciousness. Which of the following statements are true of algorithms? B. ignore all the subgoals created by him during the problem-solving process. Watch this video about superior autobiographical memory from the television news show 60 Minutes to learn more. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) proposed a working memory model in which short-term memory has different forms. Kanzi, the chimpanzee, communicates with researchers by using: d. Down syndrome. Another technique used by your brain to organize information is the identification of prototypes for the concepts you have developed. Long-term memory (LTM) is the continuous storage of information. It is generally accepted that memories are organized in semantic (or associative) networks (Collins & Loftus, 1975). B. algorithm d. "private speech" was a sign of a mood disorder. A. Heuristics guarantee a solution to a problem. D. Concepts/problem solving, In everyday situations, finding and framing problems can be difficult because many real-life problems Once we receive sensory information from the environment, our brains label or code it. In the context of loss aversion, identify the true statement about sunk-cost fallacy. b. test anxiety. Predict whether the dissociation of the dimer to the monomer is exothermic or endothermic, based on the fact that at higher temperatures the yellow color of the solution intensifies. d. confirmation bias. Q. Psychology is considered a science and comes from a foundation of chemistry because of its focus on research. By themselves, the statements that you wrote down were most likely confusing and difficult for you to recall. D. creative, US FR Final: First Period: Early Years of the. refers to the belief that one has the competence to accomplish a given goal or task. 110-120. Concepts can be complex and abstract, like justice, or more concrete, like types of birds. Once the concept of area of a square is understood, an understanding of area for other geometric shapes can be built upon the original understanding of area. b. studies showing that animals make instinctual sounds only. To see how visual encoding works, read over this list of words: car, level, dog, truth, book, value. d. trial and error, The ________ involves estimating the likelihood of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information from memory. We recommend using a If one part of a network is activated, it is easier to access the associated concepts because they are already partially activated. Research suggests that ________ affect the person's prototype for that category. For example, if you live in Essex Junction, Vermont, you have probably had a lot of direct experience with snow. B. a. a surreal and hazy picture. We are constantly bombarded with sensory information. Trial and error is another term for: In one particular case, he was asked to identify the number of morphemes in the word "rescuer." answer choices. Your brain analyzes these details and develops an overall understanding of American history. c. the exact same process as Algorithms are step-by-step procedures. C. Retroductive reasoning These thoughts are one example of cognition at work. ________ is a learning disability characterized by difficulty with learning to read fluently and with accurate comprehension, despite normal intelligence. __________refers to auditory sensory memory, whereas _____ refers to visual sensory memory. It is improved by chunking and rehearsal techniques. _____ are mental categories used to group objects, events, and characteristics. Trace Swedens transition from socialism to capitalism. A. Heritability estimates remain constant over time and across different groups. OpenStax is part of Rice University, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit. Some images used in this set are licensed under the Creative Commons through Flickr.com.Click to see the original works with their full license. An algorithm is a finite sequence of precise instructions for performing a computation or solving a problem. The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as retrieval. There are memories in visual-spatial form, as well as memories of spoken or written material, and they are stored in three short-term systems: a visuospatial sketchpad, an episodic buffer (Baddeley, 2000), and a phonological loop. You have to cook dinner for 30 people on Saturday. What could have affected Genie's mentally? Memory trace decay and interference are two factors that affect short-term memory retention. They love going into nature, spreading a blanket on the ground, and eating a delicious meal. Identify the age group during which children typically understand adult literary work. lack of nurture, abusive parents, and bad memory. As other children in his school line up for lunch on the first day of kindergarten, Ben demands to be at the beginning of the line. Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author and educational consultant focused on helping students learn about psychology. Standardization Automatic processing is usually done without any conscious awareness. A. intrapersonal Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. D. The availability heuristic, Which of the following describes the trait of a critical thinker? What are the most effective ways to ensure that important memories are well encoded? or numbers for which there is no identifiable pattern or sequence. which of the following is true about algorithms quizlet psychology. most scores are around the average score. The sentence "The bicycle talked the boy into buying a candy bar" is. Gardner would say that an astronaut is high in: A schema is a mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts (Bartlett, 1932). Atkinson and Shiffrin's model is not the only model of memory. Q. This implies that This powerful event schema is informed by your pattern of behavior and the pleasurable stimulation that a phone call or text message gives your brain. b. insight. He is most likely receiving _____ parenting. c. prototype. A. a person's age at the time the memory is processed. Confirmation bias You probably find it difficult, if not impossible, to answer these questions. A. autistic. A. heuristic then you must include on every physical page the following attribution: If you are redistributing all or part of this book in a digital format, Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information about this skill automatically. A. are complex strategies that suggest a solution to a problem. Question 2. A. There are three ways you can retrieve information out of your long-term memory storage system: recall, recognition, and relearning. 13 C. Artificial intelligence (AI)/algorithms b. trial and error. C. analytical C. dogmatic thinking Indicate whether each of the following items would be recorded in the Debit column or Credit column of the spreadsheets statement of cash flows section. Twin studies by Trzaskowski and others in 2014 report that the heritability of intelligence is found to be as high as ________ percent. What Is Industrial and Organizational Psychology? Why do people use heuristics quizlet? What were you wearing exactly five years ago today? As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases. Peterson and Peterson (1959) investigated short-term memory using the three letter sequences called trigrams (e.g., CLS) that had to be recalled after various time intervals between 3 and 18 seconds. b. divergent thinking. D. People tend to report falsely, after the fact, that they accurately predicted an outcome. d. means-end analysis. a. a. is an innate human ability to understand and produce language. 130 or higher. However, more contemporary research has found working memory capacity is 4 plus or minus 1 (Cowan, 2010). Priming is also the reason you probably said jelly in response to peanut butter. A. overcome functional fixedness. Lets say you graduated from high school 10 years ago, and you have returned to your hometown for your 10-year reunion. Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? A person with an IQ over 145 may be best categorized as: Wechsler's four index scales are verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and: Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: The terms short-term and working memory are sometimes used interchangeably, but they are not exactly the same. He travels several days throughout the month and spends very little time with Cooper. 1. b. naturalist intelligence. The process is known as spreading activation (Collins & Loftus, 1975). Which of the following is true of algorithms and heuristics for solving real-life problems? A. developing good problem-solving strategies In the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, stimuli from the environment are processed first in sensory memory: storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes. A semantic network consists of concepts, and as you may recall from what youve learned about memory, concepts are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences. This test can be considered: This is known as automatic processing, or the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words. C. refers to the extent to which a test measures what it is intended to measure. D. deductive reasoning. Visual encoding is the encoding of images, and acoustic encoding is the encoding of sounds, words in particular. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. 70 or below Since then, Tulving and others have reformulated the theory, and currently scientists believe that episodic memory is memory about happenings in particular places at particular timesthe what, where, and when of an event (Tulving, 2002). d. apple, ________ is the ability to adapt and deal with new problems or challenges the first time you encounter them. d. trial and error. D. subgoal. Processing speed Gardner believes that reason, logic, and knowledge are: a. the same ability. They are also known as "rules of thumb." For example, answers to the following questions like what is the definition of psychology and who was the first African American president of the United States are stored in your semantic memory. The Algorithm Problem Solving Approach in Psychology. Plate was primed by activating the semantic network. Short-term memory storage lasts 15 to 30 seconds. A. the availability heuristic a. linguistic relativity hypothesis. In the United States, children often learn the alphabet through song, and they learn the number of days in each month through rhyme: Thirty days hath September, / April, June, and November; / All the rest have thirty-one, / Save February, with twenty-eight days clear, / And twenty-nine each leap year. These lessons are easy to remember because of acoustic encoding. Implicit memories are long-term memories that are not part of our consciousness. a. attention and spatial memory. Compare Points of View Should democracies take action to help prevent dictatorships? C. analytical He later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. c. divergent thinking. Problem-solving is a mental process that involves discovering, analyzing, and solving problems. First, the doors open and you wait to let exiting passengers leave the elevator car. d. communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity, Communicate with one another; represent their own mental activity. View this video that explains short-term and long-term memory to learn more about how memories are stored and retrieved. D. convergent thinking. Cookies collect information about your preferences and your devices and are used to make the site work as you expect it to, to understand how you interact with the site, and to show advertisements that are targeted to your interests. Jacob received his score on his math paper and realized that he performed poorly. Identify a true statement about language milestones among children. b. emotional intelligence. b. B. This is one of the reasons why much of what we teach young children is done through song, rhyme, and rhythm. Encoding information occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing. In order to organize this staggering amount of information, the mind has developed a "file cabinet" of sorts in the mind. A. answer choices Confabulation Source amnesia Flashbulb memories Confusion Question 3 30 seconds Q. d. D. employ heuristics rather than algorithms as the problem-solving strategy. b. rule of thumb. According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory, information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory. Explicit memory includes episodic and semantic memory. Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics? d. 100, ________, which is caused by a defect in a male gene that leads to deficiency in a protein needed for brain development, is a biological cause of intellectual disability. Youve watched it fall from the sky, youve seen lightly falling snow that barely covers the windshield of your car, and youve shoveled out 18 inches of fluffy white snow as youve thought, This is perfect for skiing. Youve thrown snowballs at your best friend and gone sledding down the steepest hill in town. There are many different types of schemata, and they all have one thing in common: schemata are a method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently. The different files stored in the file cabinet are called concepts. A. descriptive reasoning. c. syntax c. $2,438. d. all languages are similar in certain universal ways. d. Practical intelligence, Researchers have found that animals ________ with one another. Except where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site During decay, the memory trace becomes less activated over time, and the information is forgotten. Which of the following represents the correct chronological sequence of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? From a language perspective, Jordan is having difficulty with a specific _______. B. B. When you remember or recall something, you activate a concept, and the related concepts are more easily remembered because they are partially activated.