Can Metra Police Pull You Over, Pangunahing Produkto Ng Bulacan, Discord Channel Names Copy And Paste, Articles C

The rise in sea level can be the result of an increase in water volume or the sinking of the land's surface. Tectonic forces produced by the collision of African and Eurasian plates compressed Carboniferous Limestone during the Alpine Orogeny 50 million years ago. Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems, often home to a wide range of biodiversity.On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as . The concordant coastline runs from west to east along the south coast. Discordant. Headlands and bays Cliffs along the coastline do not erode at the same pace. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. Chesil Beach in Dorset was formed this way. Erosion. Figure 5: Lulworth Cove in Dorset, UK, map data: 2022 Google. You know your landforms of coastal erosion. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. During the Devensian Glacial eustatic changes lowered sea levels by 120 m. At the start of the Holocene Interglacial (10,000 years BP) led to a rapid 100 m eustatic rise in global sea levels, as 3,000 years of ice sheets and glaciers shrank. The discordant coastline runs from Studland Bay to Durlston Head as the geology changes from clay and sands, to chalk, to clay and . (For example the south or the Dorset coast) . Coasts can be classified in a variety of . Aqa. By contrast, when the rock strata are perpendicular to the coastline, the coast is referred to as discordant. The arch has formed on a concordant coastline where bands of rock run parallel to the shoreline. While discordant coastlines have bands of different rock types running perpendicular to the coast, concordant coastlines have bands of similar rock types running parallel (alongside) to the coast. Sometimes the outer hard rock is punctured allowing the sea to erode the softer rocks behind. A concordant coastline is where the same rock runs along the length of the coast. Discordant coasts forms where geological structure is such that different rock strata of folds are aligned at an angle to the coastline. what is the difference between concordant and discordant coast lines (4) concordant coasts are created where rock strata run parallel to the coastline in alternating bands of more resistant and less resistant rocks. concordant and discordant coastlines bbc bitesize. Which of the following are major types of coastlines? high and low energy coasts, geology and sea level and how these change a coastline | GEOLOGICAL structure : which create concordant and discordant coastlines ( Dalmatian and Haff ). We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Human and physical factors causing river flooding. It has a discordant coastline along the east and concordant coastline along the south. It has the unenviable reputation as the number one place in Europe for coastal erosion, and in a stormy year waves from the North sea can remove between 7 and 10m of coastline. Ways destructive waves destroy the coastline . The coast, also known as the coastline or seashore, is defined as the area where land meets the ocean, or as a line that forms the boundary between the land and the ocean or a lake. During a storm, the most common waves are destructive. Discordant These are where rock strata or structures are aligned at an angle to the coastline. Erosional landforms - Coastal landforms - AQA - GCSE Geography Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize. The geology of the Isle is complex. It is also known as Pacific type coastline, longitudinal coastline, or Dalmatian coastline. Originally a band of resistant Portland . Give the quiz another go and don't forget to read up on this area by heading over to our coasts resources using the topics link at the top of the page. This area of the Jurassic coastline provides a habitat for a diverse range of natural life, particularly butterflies. in height. This belongs to: _____. - Headlands form along discordant coastlines in which bands of soft and hard rock outcrop at right angles to the coastline. The cove is located in a South West England County known as Dorset that is found along the English Channel. Discordant and Concordant Coastlines GCSE Geography A Level - YouTube The Adriatic Sea itself is a concordant landform, consisting of a body of water between parallel ranges. What are the economic and environmental issues of energy production? BBC Bitesize. If you've been to the beach, you've probably seen some of them: mangrove trees and hermit crabs, penguins and sea oats- organisms that can neither fully survive way out at sea, nor venture too far inland. A concordant coastline diminated by limestone in the map has the same type of rock along its length. Transportation is the movement of material from a coastline--such as sand and gravel--while deposition is the addition of material to a coastline. Concordant coasts form where geological structure is such that different rock strata or folds are aligned parallel to the coastline. The shape of the cove is the result of wave diffraction. Best free resources for CAIE IGCSE Geography 0460 Theory including summarized notes, topical and past paper walk through videos by top students. Importance of the Delta for the region. In some cases it is estimated that there was a rise . The United Nations uses coastlines to help determine international boundaries at sea. In places such as Worbarrow Bay and St Oswald's Bay, lateral widening of coves led to them joining into a single bay, with remnants of the outer Portland left as a line of stumps parallel to the coast, e.g. Gone surfing? It can be reached at low tide by walking from the mainland. A ria is a drowned river valley that leads out to the sea. However, overall, access to a coastline can grant a country food supplies and economic resources that land-locked countries cannot acquire without trade. Correct! ALEVEL GEOGRAPHY - COASTAL LANDSCAPES | EQ1 : the littoral zone ; offshore, nearshore and backshore. PDF Coasts Case Studies - SchoolGeography Learn about and revise coastal landforms, whether caused by erosion or deposition, with GCSE Bitesize Geography (OCR). Discordant coastline occurs where bands of differing rock type run perpendicular to the coast. Coasts are shaped by the processes of erosion, transportation and deposition. Case studies Dorset Jurassic coast and Holderness Extended writing tasks 2 a half term. The coastal engineering for the shoreline protection involves: . Coastal Erosion. In Cork in the south west of the Republic of Ireland, Formed from less resistant Carboniferous Limestone. You don't have permission to comment on this page. Erosion. It is only when the water enters shallower areas that the water itself moves forward. Coastlines where the geology alternates between strata (or bands) of hard rock and soft rock are called discordant coastlines. Specifically looking at the differences between concordant and discordant coastlines. What feature is left behind as the cliff retreats? Why is the weather of the UK so changeable? Lulworth Cove is a World Heritage site and part of the Heritage Coastline. Touch device users . concordant and discordant coastlines bbc bitesize Practice Questions: Describe the differences between a concordant and a discordant coastline (4 marks) Explain how headlands form (3 marks) Explain how coves are formed (3 marks). The Jurassic Coast begins at Orcombe . Stacks, headlands, bays, cliffs and wave-cut platforms are all included. Correct! (BBC, 2006). The Dalmatian type, named from Dalmatia on the Adriatic Sea, features long offshore islands and coastal inlets that are parallel to the coastline. Why are deserts located along the tropics? How has demand for water in the UK changed? Shaping our coasts. Historic records indicate that over 250 m of land were lost between 1600 and 1850. - Due to the presence of soft and hard rock, differential erosion occurs, with the soft, less resistant rock (e.g. Safe access points to the shoreline at several points around the edge. Sign up to highlight and take notes. Jaden Agassi Mlb Draft 2021, A coastline with the same type of rock along its length; fewer bays and headlands . Rock strata that are less resistant (due to the rock unit's lithology and structure) erode rapidly to form indented bays. A coastline is anywhere where the land meets the water. They are gentle, flat waves with a strong swash and a weak backwash; as a result, constructive waves build beaches. Waves are produced by friction between the wind and water, resulting in an energy transfer from the wind to the sea. Introduction to the location of the Delta. 2B.2B Their Morphology - A-LEVEL GEOGRAPHY REVISION: EDEXCEL A coastline is an area where land meets the water. Figure 3: Location of Lulworth Cove, Dorset, UK, map data: 2022 Google. They are, for the time being, out of reach of the current wave action and will therefore not be affected by them. . Emergent coastlines happen when either the water level has fallen or the land has risen. As we mentioned earlier, this tends to shift the coastline further inland. Where are Temperate Deciduous Woodlands Located? Soft engineering: Beach nourishment is a type of soft approach. Coastlines where different types of rock alternate between hard and soft rock are called discordant coastlines and will have more bays and headlands along its length. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. GCSE and A Level Geography Revision. Castleton A tourist honey pot in The Peak District, Case Study Inner City Redevelopment Londons Docklands. While not every UN member has ratified UNCLAS, most nations abide by it anyway. Dip is the angle of inclination of titled strata. Wave Refraction and Coastal Defences. This process happens over thousands of years. What is a concordant coastline? - Internet Geography This cove is located near the village of West Lulworth and is one of the best examples of a concordant coastline. Discordant coastline . How has rainforest vegetation adapted to the climate? Geology is the study of the types of rocks that make up the Earth's crust. Using examples examine the differences between discordant and concordant coastlines (with diagrams) (8) Coasts - Grade Booster Using examples, examine the physical factors that can influence how fast a coastline can erode (8) Coasts - Grade Booster Examine how soft engineering could prevent coastal erosion. Headlands and bays Cliffs along the coastline do not erode at the same pace. Economic losses to businesses if areas become unattractive and depopulated. The northern part is Eocene clay (Barton Beds), including significant deposits of Purbeck Ball Clay. What are the differences in global calorie intake and food supply? weathering. Large colonies of sea lions and seals sleep and breed along coastlines, entering the seas to hunt. UNCLAS implemented a universal system for maritime boundaries based on baselines, which are measured from the low-water line at the coast. As mentioned earlier, discordant coastlines form headlands and bays; on the other hand, concordant coastlines form coves. (For example the east of the Dorset coast) How Geology affects the coast . The differing resistance to erosion leads to the formation of headlands and bays. This lesson was designed initially for an interview, and worked really well for a 50 minute lesson duration. The Jurassic Coast is a hugely diverse and beautiful landscape underpinned by incredible geology of global importance. What is the impact of humans on the temperate deciduous woodland? Concordant. lulworth cove concordant coastline | Future Property Exhibiitons This means that these waves transport beach material back into the sea, lowering the height of a beach. Shingle ridge reconnected island of Portland Bill to land (a tombolo). That is, if both the row and column index move in the same direction - both increase or both decrease, then the pair is concordant. . A wave-cut notch is created by erosional processes such . A concordant coastline with resistant Portland Limestone forming a protective stratum parallel to the sea. Find this Pin and more on KS4 Changing Landscapes of the UK by Mr Haden. Concordant coasts are also known as dalmatian coasts, after the Dalmatian region of Croatia, or Pacific coasts, after the coastline of Chile in South America. About 40% of the global population lives within 100km of a coastline. Lulworth cove where an oval shaped bay has been formed by more rapid erosion of the less resistant clay that lie behind the . Even London is built along the River Thames, which flows into the North Sea. A combination of geological structure and sea level riseproduces the morphology of landforms aligned parallel to the coastline. The first difference between concordant and discordant coastlines is that the concordant coastlines are composed of similar rock types whereas, in the case of discordant coastlines, the rocks are of different kinds. Correct! A combination of geological structure and sea level riseproduces the morphology of landforms aligned parallel to the coastline. What challenges are associated with the growth of Rio? Fetch length along with the wind speed (or strength) determines the size of waves produced. Students will learn about the different types of erosion at the coast and will be able to explain how they create coastal landforms. A concordant coastline has the same type of rock. Concordant or conformable, when referring to plutonic bodies, indicates that the intruding magma of sills and laccoliths lies parallel to rather than cutting across country strata, as do discordant structures such as veins, dikes, bysmoliths, and batholiths. Waves drag in the shallow water approaching a headland so the wave becomes high, steep and short. When a stretch of coastline is formed from different types of rock, headlands and bays can form. geography revision coastal landforms 264.4K views Discover short videos related to geography revision coastal landforms on TikTok. Paw Patrol Does Ryder Have A Crush On Katie, rhodes funeral home karnes city, texas obituaries, luxury homes for sale in oakville ontario. Selenium Deficiency In Baby Goats, Specifically looking at the differences between concordant and discordant coastlines. Under 5's Football Coaching Drills, GCSE Geography Coastal landscapes in the UK learning resources for adults, children, parents and teachers. What is the location and importance of Mumbai? than in summer. Concordant coasts are also known as dalmatian coasts, after the Dalmatian region of Croatia, or Pacific coasts, after the coastline of Chile in South America. The three major coastal processes include erosion, transportation and deposition. Coastal Environments CPD - Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast; Coastal Environments CPD - Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast . concordant coastlines. The hard rock that forms Lulworth Cove is called the Portland limestone and chalk whereas the soft rock is clay. Water quality and pollution management in the UK. Meanwhile on concordant coastlines, where layers of rock run parallel to the coastline, cliffs are much more dominant. The meanings of the terms lithology, concordant and discordant coastlines are apparent throughout the lesson. high and low energy coasts, geology and sea level and how these change a coastline | GEOLOGICAL structure : which create concordant and discordant coastlines ( Dalmatian and Haff ). Start studying BBC Geography Bitesize: Coastal Processes. A concordant coastline has the same type of rock. What is the location and importance of Rio de Janeiro? Specification and other support materials for teachers, including delivery guides Explore. They are also called spilling or surging waves. Gradually the material is moved along the coastline, its . Sheep's Head Peninsula to the south formed from more resistant coarse sandstone, projects out 21 km. Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Coastal Environments CPD Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast, Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Internet Geography Plus Terms and Conditions. This is a Geography revision website for the Edexcel A-Level from 2016 (so the new syllabus), and will contain my class notes, own research and detail from revision guides and textbooks. Select all that apply. A ria coast hosts multiple rias. Wave cut platforms as illustrated in the diagram and shown in the photograph are remnants of the previous cliff line. Thus, a concordant coastline refers to a coastline that is made up of the same kinds of rocks and arranged parallel to the coast of the sea or ocean. As the wave approaches the coast, it gains height and drops onto a steep beach. Ordinal trends and finding concordant and discordant pairs Its 100% free. Sea level rise at the end of the Devensian Glacial overtopped the low points of the anticlines and the sea flooded synclines. Erosional landforms - Coastal landforms - AQA - GCSE Geography Revision - AQA - BBC Bitesize. Coastlines are formed through the processes of erosion, transportation, and deposition. Named after the Dalmatia region on the Adriatic Sea. Because of this difference in erosion resistance, discordant coastlines are home to headlands, due to eroding hard rock, and bays, due to eroding soft rock. Coastlines will expand as climate change continues. Both concordant and discordant. The following are facts about destructive waves. Seven cliff-top homes are badly damaged as the largest tidal surge in 60 years batters the east coast of England. Lulworth cove is a perfect horseshoe bay found on the south coast of England in the county of Dorset, on the Jurassic coastline. As these systems develop at sea, communities along coastlines are the most vulnerable to any potential destruction. If you are citizen of an European Union member nation, you may not use this service unless you are at least 16 years old. Less resistant rocks are eroded more than the resistant . In the Holocene Interglacial constructive waves pushed the ride of sands and gravel landwards as sea levels rose. What is the impact of humans on the Taiga? Coastal Environments CPD - Erosional Landforms, Coastal Management and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast; Coastal Environments CPD - Erosional Erosion, Coastal Management, Deposition and Fieldwork on the Holderness Coast . Concordant coastlines tend to have fewer bays and headlands. The time wind takes to blow, wind speed and the fetch (distance the sea has covered) influence wave sizes. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. concordant coastlines. Discordant coasts have a crenellated pattern of projecting headlands and indented bays. In 1982, the United Nations held a Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLAS), where maritime (sea) boundaries were established. What are active, dormant and extinct volcanoes? These will be exam question style ranging from 4, 6 and 9 mark questions. What does scenery formed by erosion look like? The extent to which the shape of a beach or coast is created or altered depends mainly on the action of waves upon it. Lines of islands separated by narrow sea channels parallel to the coast (sounds). starter: Students examine the picture and discuss what is happening to the houses and why. Gcse Geography Revision. A hard rock type is resistant to erosion and creates a promontory whilst a softer rock type is easily eroded creating a bay. The coast is the border between the land and the sea. geography revision coastal landforms 264.4K views Discover short videos related to geography revision coastal landforms on TikTok. Image. How do weather and climate affect river landscapes? There are 3 main groups of coastal features which result from coastal erosion: 1. Coastlines: Geography Definition, Types & Facts | StudySmarter There are rias throughout the world, including Poole Harbour in Dorset. How is urban planning improving the quality of life for the urban poor in Mumbai? Sandridge formed bars across some bays and river mouths, with trapped river water forming a lagoon behind (callled haffs in Poland on the Baltic Sea). Subsequently there was an increase in the waters of the oceans and the sea level rose appreciably. It is also known as Pacific type coastline, longitudinal coastline, or Dalmatian coastline. -Erode the coast-Short wave length, high and steep. If the coastline is discordant then the rock type will change as we go up the coastline, An example of a discordant coastline is swanage. Coastlines where the geology alternates between strata (or bands) of hard rock and soft rock are called discordant. The Earth has approximately 620,000 kilometres (390,000mi) of coastlines and they are not just a barrier between land and water; they are also important natural ecosystems. Terms of use / Privacy policy / GDPR, About this workspace When a wave breaks upon the shore, rocks and pebbles that are being carried collide with each other breaking them and eventually making them smaller and smoother. Concordant coasts are also known as dalmatian coasts, after the Dalmatian region of Croatia, or Pacific coasts, after the coastline of Chile in South America. 2022 kinetico replacement filters, on concordant and discordant coastlines bbc bitesize, williams funeral home st thomas ont obits, Fix Toxic Relationship According To Childhood Trauma Test, Is It Illegal To Sleep In Your Car In Virginia, la crosse aquinas high school live stream, 707 concourse village west housing connect, do you have to transcribe stutters? Discordant These are where rock strata or structures are aligned at an angle to the coastline. The discordant coastline runs from Studland Bay to Durlston Head as the geology changes from clay and sands, to chalk, to clay and . 1 - Approximate locations on the coastline between Durlston Head and Studland Bay, map data: 2022 Google. There are two special types of submerged coastlines: ria coasts and fjord coasts. Cliffs and Wave-cut platforms Before you revise the formation of these landforms, have a look at this video and make sure you are able to identify the landforms from their distinctive features. These coastlines may lead to the formation of either Dalmatia landforms or Haffs (also called lagoons). Hilbre Island (Cheshire) is an example of a possible fieldwork location. The warmer climate that followed melted much of the ice. (For example the south or the Dorset coast) . What is the structure of the tropical rainforest? . How has the growth of Lagos caused inequality? The shifting coastlines can impact freshwater resources near the coasts by creating brackish mixtures, and can also pose an obvious danger to infrastructure built directly along the coast. What is the Demographic Transition Model? Changing rates of rainforest deforestation. It's a way of having all my information in one place. Dorset coastline - Coastal landforms - AQA - BBC Bitesize Discordant These are where rock strata or structures are aligned at an angle to the coastline. A famous example of a coastline. What is the value of the tropical rainforest? Risks facing the Delta. Many of these types of coastlines were actually formed toward the end of the Last Glacial Period (LGP). Coasts are important zones in natural ecosystems, often home to a wide range of biodiversity.On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as . The coastline between Durlston Head and Studland Bay in Dorset, UK, is a great example of a discordant coastline. Emergent Coastlines. How does food insecurity affect the environment? Discordant coastlines have bands of different rock types running perpendicular to the coast; concordant coastlines have bands of similar rock types running parallel to the coast. It is a valuable habitat for birds and plants eg a wide array of wading birds like the avocet. discordant coastline diagram - Flix Houphout-Boigny Foundation for The coastline determines everything. The Isle of Purbeck, in Dorset, is an example of where a concordant and discordant coastline exist very close to one another. . Headlands and bays can form on concordant coastlines too, as has happened . This results in the formation of headlands and bays. concordant and discordant coastlines bbc bitesize Touch device users . What problems are caused by global warming? Along the coastline of Dorset, there are concordant and discordant coastlines. Straight coastline now formed by a concordant band of constant chalk. How have plants adapted to cold environments? Sea forces change coastal landscapes with the wind being the major source of waves. Concordant Coasts Concordant coasts form where geological structure is such that different rock strata or folds are aligned parallel to the coastline. Consequently headlands and bays form along discordant coastlines and whilst headlands remain exposed to the force of the waves, bays are sheltered. If the coastline is concordant then the coastline will have the same type of rock all the way down the coastline, because the ropck is running parallel to the coastline. The water. Coastlines of Submergence: i. Ria Coast: During the Ice Age a great deal of water was locked up in ice. a ks3 unit work consisting of 7 complete lessons covering coasts: lesson 1 - introduction to uk physical landscapes lesson 2 - characteristics of ocean waves lesson 3 - erosion and geology lesson 4 - erosional landforms lesson 5 - transport and deposition lesson 6 - weathering and mass movement lesson 7 - coastal management decision making task Small particles are carried along by the water. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. guildford school of acting auditions; gilroy google font alternative; cuisinart steamer insert; Blog Post Title February 26, 2018. 3 Revision Guides Business Studies: - Revise Edexcel GCSE Business, Units 1, 3 & 5 Revision Guide Revise Edexcel GCSE Business, Units 1, 3 & 5 Revision workbook Computing: - Students have already been provided with a revision guide and question books. Discordant coastline - Source www.bbc.co.uk As soft rock, such as glacial till, is more susceptible to erosion it erodes more rapidly than more resistant rock such as chalk. What are they? Concordant coasts have alternating layers of hard and soft rock that run parallel to the coast. over 1m. Soluble materials dissolve in water and are carried along. Discordant and Concordant Coastlines GCSE Geography A Level Revision Coasts - YouTube 2:20 Discordant and Concordant Coastlines GCSE Geography A Level Revision Coasts TheGeographyGuy 1.66K. Concordant coastline. The Early Cretaceous, sometimes known as Lower Cretaceous, is the period stretching from 145 million years ago to 100.5 million years ago. what is the difference between concordant and discordant coast lines (4) concordant coasts are created where rock strata run parallel to the coastline in alternating bands of more resistant and less resistant rocks. The bands of soft rock, such as sand . However, when the hard rocks punctured by either faults or ridges, inland soft rocks yield to erosion. A coastline with the same type of rock along its length; fewer bays and headlands. 1. Pebble sized particles are bounced along the river bed/sea by the force of the water. Resistant Cretaceous Chalk forms the Foreland headland, projecting 2.5 km to the north. International migration from Syria to Europe, Japan A country with a high dependent population. A case study of the coastal recession at the Nile Delta for Edexcel A Level Geography. The swash of a destructive wave is much weaker than its backwash. (bands) of hard rock and soft rock; many bays and headlands. They have a mainly circular orbit, a steep gradient. Along the coastline of Dorset, there are concordant and discordant coastlines. Key Question: What are the different landforms of the Jurassic Coast? Headlands and Bays 2. Destructive waves are usually very high, over 1m. (8) Coasts - Grade Booster Geog' Clips Economic losses to businesses if areas become unattractive and depopulated. There are four processes involved in the eroding coastlines. concordant and discordant coastlines 3.1B Transport Technology and Globalisation, 3.2 Political and Economic Decision Making, 7C Economic Development and Environmental Impact, 8B Controlling the Spread of Globlisation, 4A.1B Economic Activity and Social Factors, 4A.1A Changing Function and Characteristics, 4A.6 Evaluating the need for Regeneration, 6C Representation and Need for Regeneration, 10A Measuring the Success of Regeneration, 12A Restructuring and Contested Decisions, 7.5 Superpowers and International Decision Making, 7.6 Superpowers and the Physical Environment, 7.6C Middle-Class Consumption on Emerging Powers, 7.8A Emerging Powers and the Developing World, 8.2 Variations in Health and Life Expectancy, 8.3A The relationship between economic and social development, 8.5A Human Rights Vs Economic Development, 8.8 the Positive and Negative of Development, 2B.2C Geological Structure and Cliff Profiles, 2B.3B Rock Strata and Complex Cliff Profiles, 4C Coastal Landscapes Produced by Erosion, 8C Temporal Variations in Coastal Recession, 9A Local Factors that Increase Coastal Flood Risk, A - Economic and Social Losses from Recession, 2B: 12 Integrated Coastal Zone Management, 1B Importance and Size of Stores and Fluxes, 5.4 Deficits within the Hydrological Cycle, 5.8 Consequences and Risks of Water Insecurity, 8A - Causes and Pattern of Physical and Economic Scarcity, 5.9C Integrated Drainage Basin Management, 6.1C - Geological Processes Releasing Carbon, 6.2 Biological Processes Sequestering Carbon, 6.3 Human Activity Altering the Carbon Cycle, 6.6C Radical Technologies to Reduce Carbon Emissions, 6.7 Human Activity Threatening the Carbon and Water Cycles.